Estimating the probability of failure for complex real-world systems using high-fidelity computational models is often prohibitively expensive, especially when the probability is small. Exploiting low-fidelity models can make this process more feasible, but merging information from multiple low-fidelity and high-fidelity models poses several challenges. This paper presents a robust multi-fidelity surrogate modeling strategy in which the multi-fidelity surrogate is assembled using an active learning strategy using an on-the-fly model adequacy assessment set within a subset simulation framework for efficient reliability analysis. The multi-fidelity surrogate is assembled by first applying a Gaussian process correction to each low-fidelity model and assigning a model probability based on the model's local predictive accuracy and cost. Three strategies are proposed to fuse these individual surrogates into an overall surrogate model based on model averaging and deterministic/stochastic model selection. The strategies also dictate which model evaluations are necessary. No assumptions are made about the relationships between low-fidelity models, while the high-fidelity model is assumed to be the most accurate and most computationally expensive model. Through two analytical and two numerical case studies, including a case study evaluating the failure probability of Tristructural isotropic-coated (TRISO) nuclear fuels, the algorithm is shown to be highly accurate while drastically reducing the number of high-fidelity model calls (and hence computational cost).
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尽管No-U-Turn采样器(螺母)是执行贝叶斯推断的广泛采用方法,但它需要许多后梯度,在实践中计算可能很昂贵。最近,人们对基于物理的动力学(或哈密顿)系统和哈密顿神经网络(HNNS)的机器学习引起了重大兴趣。但是,这些类型的体系结构尚未应用于有效地解决贝叶斯推论问题。我们建议使用HNN有效地进行贝叶斯推断,而无需大量的后梯度。我们向HNNS(L-HNN)引入潜在变量输出,以提高表达性和减少的集成误差。我们将L-HNN集成在坚果中,并进一步提出一种在线错误监控方案,以防止L-HNNS可能几乎没有培训数据的区域中采样堕落。考虑到几种复杂的高维后密度,并将其性能与螺母进行比较,我们证明了在线错误监测中的L-HNN。
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当采样贝叶斯推断时,一种流行的方法是使用汉密尔顿蒙特卡洛(HMC),特别是No-U-Turn采样器(NUTS),该采样器(NUTS)自动决定汉密尔顿轨迹的结束时间。但是,HMC和螺母可能需要众多目标密度的数值梯度,并且在实践中可能会缓慢。我们建议使用HMC和坚果解决贝叶斯推理问题的汉密尔顿神经网络(HNNS)。一旦训练,HNN不需要在采样过程中的目标密度的数值梯度。此外,它们满足了重要的特性,例如完美的时间可逆性和哈密顿保护性,使其非常适合在HMC和坚果中使用,因为可以显示平稳性。我们还提出了一个称为潜在HNN(L-HNN)的HNN扩展,该扩展能够预测潜在的可变输出。与HNN相比,L-HNN提供了提高表达性和减少的集成误差。最后,我们在具有在线错误监测方案的螺母中使用L-HNN,以防止低概率密度区域的样本退化。我们证明了在螺母中的L-HNN,并在线错误监视了一些涉及复杂,重尾和高本地狂热概率密度的示例。总体而言,具有在线错误监控的坚果中的L-HNN令人满意地推断了这些概率密度。与传统的螺母相比,在线错误监控的螺母中,L-HNN需要1--2个目标密度的数值梯度,并通过数量级提高了每个梯度的有效样本量(ESS)。
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建模相互依存的关键基础架构的恢复是量化和优化社会弹性对破坏性事件的关键组成部分。但是,在随机破坏事件下模拟大规模相互依赖系统的恢复在计算上是昂贵的。因此,我们建议在本文中应用深度运算符网络(DeepOnets),以加速相互依赖系统的恢复模型。 DeepOnets是ML架构,可从数据中识别数学运算符。管理方程式的形式deponets标识和相互依赖系统恢复模型的管理方程相似。因此,我们假设deponets可以通过很少的培训数据有效地对相互依存的系统恢复进行建模。我们将deponets应用于具有十六个状态的四个相互依存系统的简单情况。总体而言,Deponets在预测这些相互依存的系统在与参考结果相比的训练样本数据中的恢复方面表现令人满意。
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TRISTRUCCUCTIONATIOPIC(TRISO)涂层颗粒燃料是强大的核燃料,并确定其可靠性对于先进的核技术的成功至关重要。然而,Triso失效概率很小,相关的计算模型很昂贵。我们使用耦合的主动学习,多尺度建模和子集模拟来估计使用几个1D和2D模型的Triso燃料的故障概率。通过多尺度建模,我们用来自两个低保真(LF)模型的信息融合,取代了昂贵的高保真(HF)模型评估。对于1D TRISO模型,我们考虑了三种多倍性建模策略:仅克里格,Kriging LF预测加克里格校正,深神经网络(DNN)LF预测加克里格校正。虽然这些多尺度建模策略的结果令人满意地比较了从两个LF模型中使用信息融合的策略,但是通常常常称为HF模型。接下来,对于2D Triso模型,我们考虑了两个多倍性建模策略:DNN LF预测加克里格校正(数据驱动)和1D Triso LF预测加克里格校正(基于物理学)。正如所预期的那样,基于物理的策略一直需要对HF模型的最少的呼叫。然而,由于DNN预测是瞬时的,数据驱动的策略具有较低的整体模拟时间,并且1D Triso模型需要不可忽略的模拟时间。
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While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.
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To analyze this characteristic of vulnerability, we developed an automated deep learning method for detecting microvessels in intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT) images. A total of 8,403 IVOCT image frames from 85 lesions and 37 normal segments were analyzed. Manual annotation was done using a dedicated software (OCTOPUS) previously developed by our group. Data augmentation in the polar (r,{\theta}) domain was applied to raw IVOCT images to ensure that microvessels appear at all possible angles. Pre-processing methods included guidewire/shadow detection, lumen segmentation, pixel shifting, and noise reduction. DeepLab v3+ was used to segment microvessel candidates. A bounding box on each candidate was classified as either microvessel or non-microvessel using a shallow convolutional neural network. For better classification, we used data augmentation (i.e., angle rotation) on bounding boxes with a microvessel during network training. Data augmentation and pre-processing steps improved microvessel segmentation performance significantly, yielding a method with Dice of 0.71+/-0.10 and pixel-wise sensitivity/specificity of 87.7+/-6.6%/99.8+/-0.1%. The network for classifying microvessels from candidates performed exceptionally well, with sensitivity of 99.5+/-0.3%, specificity of 98.8+/-1.0%, and accuracy of 99.1+/-0.5%. The classification step eliminated the majority of residual false positives, and the Dice coefficient increased from 0.71 to 0.73. In addition, our method produced 698 image frames with microvessels present, compared to 730 from manual analysis, representing a 4.4% difference. When compared to the manual method, the automated method improved microvessel continuity, implying improved segmentation performance. The method will be useful for research purposes as well as potential future treatment planning.
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实验数据的获取成本很高,这使得很难校准复杂模型。对于许多型号而言,鉴于有限的实验预算,可以产生最佳校准的实验设计并不明显。本文介绍了用于设计实验的深钢筋学习(RL)算法,该算法通过Kalman Filter(KF)获得的Kullback-Leibler(KL)差异测量的信息增益最大化。这种组合实现了传统方法太昂贵的快速在线实验的实验设计。我们将实验的可能配置作为决策树和马尔可夫决策过程(MDP),其中每个增量步骤都有有限的操作选择。一旦采取了动作,就会使用各种测量来更新实验状态。该新数据导致KF对参数进行贝叶斯更新,该参数用于增强状态表示。与NASH-SUTCLIFFE效率(NSE)指数相反,该指数需要额外的抽样来检验前进预测的假设,KF可以通过直接估计通过其他操作获得的新数据值来降低实验的成本。在这项工作中,我们的应用集中在材料的机械测试上。使用复杂的历史依赖模型的数值实验用于验证RL设计实验的性能并基准测试实现。
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通用数据模型解决了标准化电子健康记录(EHR)数据的许多挑战,但无法将其集成深度表型所需的资源。开放的生物学和生物医学本体论(OBO)铸造本体论提供了可用于生物学知识的语义计算表示,并能够整合多种生物医学数据。但是,将EHR数据映射到OBO Foundry本体论需要大量的手动策展和域专业知识。我们介绍了一个框架,用于将观察性医学成果合作伙伴关系(OMOP)标准词汇介绍给OBO铸造本体。使用此框架,我们制作了92,367条条件,8,615种药物成分和10,673个测量结果的映射。域专家验证了映射准确性,并且在24家医院进行检查时,映射覆盖了99%的条件和药物成分和68%的测量结果。最后,我们证明OMOP2OBO映射可以帮助系统地识别可能受益于基因检测的未诊断罕见病患者。
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ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列,该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战,这是由于探测器的几何形状,不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收,并且低于100 GEV的光,每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战,可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形,并将图形神经网络(GNN)作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开,对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类,并重建沉积的能量,方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真,我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术,包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类,与当前的IceCube方法相比,GNN以固定的假阳性速率(FPR)提高了信号效率的18%。另外,GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8(低于半百分比)。对于能源,方向和相互作用顶点的重建,与当前最大似然技术相比,分辨率平均提高了13%-20%。当在GPU上运行时,GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件,这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。
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